Connection Establishment in TCP

Connection Establishment In TCP:-

1. Connection Establishmet in TCP, TCP transmits data in full-duplex mode.
2. When two TCPs in two machines are connected, they are able to send segments to each other simultaneously.
3. This implies that each party must initialize communication and get approval from the other party before any data are transferred.

Three-Way Handshaking

• The connection establishment in TCP is called three way handshaking.
  • In our example, an application program, called the client, wants to make a connection with another application program, called the server, using TCP as the transport layer protocol.
  • The process starts with the server.
  • The server program tells its TCP that it is ready to accept a connection.
  • This is called a request for a passive open.
  • Although the server TCP is ready to accept any connection from any machine in the world, it cannot make the connection itself.
  • The client program issues a request for an active open.
  • A client that wishes to connect to an open server tells its TCP that it needs to be connected to that particular server.
  • TCP can now start the three-way handshaking process as shown in Figure 23.18.
  • To show the process, we use two time lines: one at each site.
  • Each segment has values for all its header fields and perhaps for some of its option fields, too.
  • However, we show only the few fields necessary to understand each phase.

• We show the sequence number, the acknowledgment number, the control flags (only those that are set)

Step-1

• The client sends the first segment, a SYN segment, in which only the SYN flag is set.
• This segment is for synchronization of sequence numbers.
• It consumes one sequence number.
• When the data transfer starts, the sequence number is incremented by 1.
•     A SYN segment cannot carry data, but it consumes one sequence number.

Step-2

• The server sends the second segment, a SYN +ACK segment, with 2 flag bits set: SYN and ACK.
• This segment has a dual purpose.
• It is a SYN segment for communication in the other direction and serves as the acknowledgment for the SYN segment.
• It consumes one sequence number.
•     A SYN +ACK segment cannot carry data, but does consume one sequence number.

Step-3

• The client sends the third segment.
• This is just an ACK segment.
• It acknowledges the receipt of the second segment with the ACK flag and acknowledgment number field.
• Note that the sequence number in this segment is the same as the one in the SYN segment; the ACK segment does not consume any sequence numbers.
•   An ACK segment, if carrying no data, consumes no sequence number.